Full Description

Many noncommunity surface water supplies throughout the United States currentlyutilize bag filtration to comply with the filtration requirements of the Surface Water TreatmentRule (SWTR). It is difficult, however, for bag filtration technologies to meet theCryptosporidium removal requirements of the Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water TreatmentRule (LT1ESWTR). The Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) is therefore conducting anongoing study on filtration technology alternatives for small systems.The operational performance of several membrane technologies is being evaluatedthrough pilot testing. Factors such as flux, frequency of chemical cleaning, fouling rate,pretreatment requirements and operational complexity are used in the membrane comparison.Particle counts and turbidity are also used to gauge performance, although it is expected that allsystems will exceed required removal efficiencies.Various classifications (microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis)and configurations (crossflow and dead-end) of membranes are represented. Membranes arechosen based on filtration performance, system capital cost, operational simplicity/cost, andavailability. Study results thus far suggest that membrane filtration offers a viable means fornoncommunity systems to comply with existing and future US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) drinking water regulations. Includes 6 references, tables, figures.

Product Details

Edition: Vol. - No. Published: 03/01/2005 Number of Pages: 20 File Size: 1 file , 1000 KB